![]() ![]() In his 1996 book, Gaslighting, the Double Whammy, Interrogation and Other Methods of Covert Control in Psychotherapy and Analysis, Theo L. Other experts have noted values and techniques of therapists can be harmful as well as helpful to clients (or indirectly to other people in a client's life). In a case study published in 1977, Lund and Gardiner reviewed a case of paranoid psychosis in an elderly female who was reported to have recurrent episodes, apparently induced by the staff of the institution where the patient was a resident. The research paper, "Gaslighting: A Marital Syndrome" (1988), includes clinical observations of the impact on wives after their reactions were mislabeled by their husbands and male therapists. Since the 1970s, the term has been used in psychoanalytic literature to describe deliberate attempts by perpetrators to manipulate the victims’ perception of self, environment and relationships. "Gaslighting" is occasionally used in clinical literature but is considered a colloquialism by the American Psychological Association. The gaslighter may make up or create artificial barriers to allow themselves to deny or delay that which is important to the victim. Although anyone can deny or delay, the gaslighter does it regularly in the absence of real external limitations. The abuser may deny or delay things like promises that are important to the victim. Forgetting and denial: pretending to forget things that have really occurred.Trivializing: making the victim believe his or her thoughts or needs are unimportant.Blocking and diverting: diverting a conversation from the subject matter to questioning the victim's thoughts and controlling the conversation.Countering: vehemently calling into question a victim's memory despite the victim having remembered things correctly.Withholding: pretending not to understand the victim.Obfuscation: deliberately muddying or overcomplicating an issue.Gaslighters have many techniques, including: Oxford University Press named gaslighting as a runner-up in its list of the most popular new words of 2018. The American Dialect Society named gaslight as the "most useful" new word of 2016. The term has received a number of notable recognitions. ![]() Merriam-Webster defines it as " psychological manipulation" to make someone question their "perception of reality" leading to "dependenc on the perpetrator". Largely an obscure or esoteric term until gaining traction in the mid-2010s – The Times only used it nine additional times in the following twenty years – it has broadly seeped into the English lexicon since, and is now used more generally. According to the American Psychological Association in 2021, gaslighting "once referred to manipulation so extreme as to induce mental illness or to justify commitment of the gaslighted person to a psychiatric institution". The first use of the gerund form, gaslighting, was by The New York Times in a 1995 column by Maureen Dowd. The term "gaslighting" itself is neither in the screenplay nor mentioned in the movie in any context. The title refers to the gas lighting of the house, which seems to waver whenever the husband leaves his wife alone at home. Set in the Victorian era, it portrays a husband using trickery to convince his wife that she is mentally unwell so he can steal from her. The term "gaslighting" derives from the title of the 1944 American film Gaslight, a remake of the 1940 British film of the same name, which in turn is based on the 1938 thriller play Gas Light. Charles Boyer, Ingrid Bergman and Joseph Cotten in the film Gaslight (1944) ![]()
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